Modelo de fijación de precios de activos de capital (CAPM)
El modelo de fijación de precios de activos de capital (CAPM, por sus siglas en inglés) indica cuál debería ser la tasa de rendimiento esperada o requerida en activos de riesgo como las acciones ordinarias de Baxter.
Tasas de retorno
Baxter International Inc., tasas mensuales de retorno
| Baxter International Inc. (BAX) | Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t | Fecha | PrecioBAX,t1 | DividendoBAX,t1 | RBAX,t2 | PrecioS&P 500,t | RS&P 500,t3 |
| 31 ene. 2011 | $48.49 | 1,286.12 | ||||
| 1. | 28 feb. 2011 | $53.15 | 9.61% | 1,327.22 | 3.20% | |
| 2. | 31 mar. 2011 | $53.77 | $0.31 | 1.75% | 1,325.83 | -0.10% |
| 3. | 30 abr. 2011 | $56.90 | 5.82% | 1,363.61 | 2.85% | |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| 58. | 30 nov. 2015 | $37.65 | 0.70% | 2,080.41 | 0.05% | |
| 59. | 31 dic. 2015 | $38.15 | $0.115 | 1.63% | 2,043.94 | -1.75% |
| Promedio (R): | 0.15% | 0.84% | ||||
| Desviación estándar: | 7.55% | 3.40% | ||||
| Baxter International Inc. (BAX) | Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t | Fecha | PrecioBAX,t1 | DividendoBAX,t1 | RBAX,t2 | PrecioS&P 500,t | RS&P 500,t3 |
| 31 ene. 2011 | $48.49 | 1,286.12 | ||||
| 1. | 28 feb. 2011 | $53.15 | 9.61% | 1,327.22 | 3.20% | |
| 2. | 31 mar. 2011 | $53.77 | $0.31 | 1.75% | 1,325.83 | -0.10% |
| 3. | 30 abr. 2011 | $56.90 | 5.82% | 1,363.61 | 2.85% | |
| 4. | 31 may. 2011 | $59.52 | 4.60% | 1,345.20 | -1.35% | |
| 5. | 30 jun. 2011 | $59.69 | $0.31 | 0.81% | 1,320.64 | -1.83% |
| 6. | 31 jul. 2011 | $58.17 | -2.55% | 1,292.28 | -2.15% | |
| 7. | 31 ago. 2011 | $55.98 | -3.76% | 1,218.89 | -5.68% | |
| 8. | 30 sept. 2011 | $56.14 | $0.31 | 0.84% | 1,131.42 | -7.18% |
| 9. | 31 oct. 2011 | $54.98 | -2.07% | 1,253.30 | 10.77% | |
| 10. | 30 nov. 2011 | $51.66 | -6.04% | 1,246.96 | -0.51% | |
| 11. | 31 dic. 2011 | $49.48 | $0.335 | -3.57% | 1,257.60 | 0.85% |
| 12. | 31 ene. 2012 | $55.48 | 12.13% | 1,312.41 | 4.36% | |
| 13. | 29 feb. 2012 | $58.13 | 4.78% | 1,365.68 | 4.06% | |
| 14. | 31 mar. 2012 | $59.78 | $0.335 | 3.41% | 1,408.47 | 3.13% |
| 15. | 30 abr. 2012 | $55.41 | -7.31% | 1,397.91 | -0.75% | |
| 16. | 31 may. 2012 | $50.62 | -8.64% | 1,310.33 | -6.27% | |
| 17. | 30 jun. 2012 | $53.15 | $0.335 | 5.66% | 1,362.16 | 3.96% |
| 18. | 31 jul. 2012 | $58.51 | 10.08% | 1,379.32 | 1.26% | |
| 19. | 31 ago. 2012 | $58.68 | 0.29% | 1,406.58 | 1.98% | |
| 20. | 30 sept. 2012 | $60.27 | $0.45 | 3.48% | 1,440.67 | 2.42% |
| 21. | 31 oct. 2012 | $62.63 | 3.92% | 1,412.16 | -1.98% | |
| 22. | 30 nov. 2012 | $66.27 | 5.81% | 1,416.18 | 0.28% | |
| 23. | 31 dic. 2012 | $66.66 | $0.45 | 1.27% | 1,426.19 | 0.71% |
| 24. | 31 ene. 2013 | $67.84 | 1.77% | 1,498.11 | 5.04% | |
| 25. | 28 feb. 2013 | $67.60 | -0.35% | 1,514.68 | 1.11% | |
| 26. | 31 mar. 2013 | $72.64 | $0.45 | 8.12% | 1,569.19 | 3.60% |
| 27. | 30 abr. 2013 | $69.87 | -3.81% | 1,597.57 | 1.81% | |
| 28. | 31 may. 2013 | $70.33 | 0.66% | 1,630.74 | 2.08% | |
| 29. | 30 jun. 2013 | $69.27 | $0.49 | -0.81% | 1,606.28 | -1.50% |
| 30. | 31 jul. 2013 | $73.04 | 5.44% | 1,685.73 | 4.95% | |
| 31. | 31 ago. 2013 | $69.56 | -4.76% | 1,632.97 | -3.13% | |
| 32. | 30 sept. 2013 | $65.69 | $0.49 | -4.86% | 1,681.55 | 2.97% |
| 33. | 31 oct. 2013 | $65.87 | 0.27% | 1,756.54 | 4.46% | |
| 34. | 30 nov. 2013 | $68.45 | 3.92% | 1,805.81 | 2.80% | |
| 35. | 31 dic. 2013 | $69.55 | $0.49 | 2.32% | 1,848.36 | 2.36% |
| 36. | 31 ene. 2014 | $68.30 | -1.80% | 1,782.59 | -3.56% | |
| 37. | 28 feb. 2014 | $69.50 | 1.76% | 1,859.45 | 4.31% | |
| 38. | 31 mar. 2014 | $73.58 | $0.49 | 6.58% | 1,872.34 | 0.69% |
| 39. | 30 abr. 2014 | $72.79 | -1.07% | 1,883.95 | 0.62% | |
| 40. | 31 may. 2014 | $74.41 | 2.23% | 1,923.57 | 2.10% | |
| 41. | 30 jun. 2014 | $72.30 | $0.52 | -2.14% | 1,960.23 | 1.91% |
| 42. | 31 jul. 2014 | $74.69 | 3.31% | 1,930.67 | -1.51% | |
| 43. | 31 ago. 2014 | $74.98 | 0.39% | 2,003.37 | 3.77% | |
| 44. | 30 sept. 2014 | $71.77 | $0.52 | -3.59% | 1,972.29 | -1.55% |
| 45. | 31 oct. 2014 | $70.14 | -2.27% | 2,018.05 | 2.32% | |
| 46. | 30 nov. 2014 | $73.00 | 4.08% | 2,067.56 | 2.45% | |
| 47. | 31 dic. 2014 | $73.29 | $0.52 | 1.11% | 2,058.90 | -0.42% |
| 48. | 31 ene. 2015 | $70.31 | -4.07% | 1,994.99 | -3.10% | |
| 49. | 28 feb. 2015 | $69.15 | -1.65% | 2,104.50 | 5.49% | |
| 50. | 31 mar. 2015 | $68.50 | $0.52 | -0.19% | 2,067.89 | -1.74% |
| 51. | 30 abr. 2015 | $68.74 | 0.35% | 2,085.51 | 0.85% | |
| 52. | 31 may. 2015 | $66.61 | $0.52 | -2.34% | 2,107.39 | 1.05% |
| 53. | 30 jun. 2015 | $69.93 | 4.98% | 2,063.11 | -2.10% | |
| 54. | 31 jul. 2015 | $40.08 | -42.69% | 2,103.84 | 1.97% | |
| 55. | 31 ago. 2015 | $38.45 | -4.07% | 1,972.18 | -6.26% | |
| 56. | 30 sept. 2015 | $32.85 | $0.115 | -14.27% | 1,920.03 | -2.64% |
| 57. | 31 oct. 2015 | $37.39 | 13.82% | 2,079.36 | 8.30% | |
| 58. | 30 nov. 2015 | $37.65 | 0.70% | 2,080.41 | 0.05% | |
| 59. | 31 dic. 2015 | $38.15 | $0.115 | 1.63% | 2,043.94 | -1.75% |
| Promedio (R): | 0.15% | 0.84% | ||||
| Desviación estándar: | 7.55% | 3.40% | ||||
Mostrar todo
1 Datos en dólares estadounidenses por acción ordinaria, ajustados por divisiones y dividendos de acciones.
2 Tasa de rendimiento de las acciones ordinarias de BAX durante el período t.
3 Tasa de rendimiento del S&P 500 (el proxy de la cartera de mercado) durante el período t.
Varianza y covarianza
Baxter International Inc., cálculo de la varianza y covarianza de los rendimientos
| t | Fecha | RBAX,t | RS&P 500,t | (RBAX,t–RBAX)2 | (RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500)2 | (RBAX,t–RBAX)×(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 28 feb. 2011 | 9.61% | 3.20% | 89.44 | 5.53 | 22.23 |
| 2. | 31 mar. 2011 | 1.75% | -0.10% | 2.55 | 0.90 | -1.52 |
| 3. | 30 abr. 2011 | 5.82% | 2.85% | 32.13 | 4.02 | 11.36 |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| 58. | 30 nov. 2015 | 0.70% | 0.05% | 0.29 | 0.63 | -0.43 |
| 59. | 31 dic. 2015 | 1.63% | -1.75% | 2.19 | 6.75 | -3.85 |
| Total (Σ): | 3,305.71 | 670.89 | 397.17 | |||
| t | Fecha | RBAX,t | RS&P 500,t | (RBAX,t–RBAX)2 | (RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500)2 | (RBAX,t–RBAX)×(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 28 feb. 2011 | 9.61% | 3.20% | 89.44 | 5.53 | 22.23 |
| 2. | 31 mar. 2011 | 1.75% | -0.10% | 2.55 | 0.90 | -1.52 |
| 3. | 30 abr. 2011 | 5.82% | 2.85% | 32.13 | 4.02 | 11.36 |
| 4. | 31 may. 2011 | 4.60% | -1.35% | 19.82 | 4.82 | -9.77 |
| 5. | 30 jun. 2011 | 0.81% | -1.83% | 0.43 | 7.13 | -1.75 |
| 6. | 31 jul. 2011 | -2.55% | -2.15% | 7.29 | 8.95 | 8.08 |
| 7. | 31 ago. 2011 | -3.76% | -5.68% | 15.35 | 42.56 | 25.56 |
| 8. | 30 sept. 2011 | 0.84% | -7.18% | 0.47 | 64.34 | -5.51 |
| 9. | 31 oct. 2011 | -2.07% | 10.77% | 4.92 | 98.56 | -22.03 |
| 10. | 30 nov. 2011 | -6.04% | -0.51% | 38.33 | 1.82 | 8.36 |
| 11. | 31 dic. 2011 | -3.57% | 0.85% | 13.87 | 0.00 | -0.03 |
| 12. | 31 ene. 2012 | 12.13% | 4.36% | 143.36 | 12.35 | 42.07 |
| 13. | 29 feb. 2012 | 4.78% | 4.06% | 21.38 | 10.33 | 14.86 |
| 14. | 31 mar. 2012 | 3.41% | 3.13% | 10.64 | 5.24 | 7.47 |
| 15. | 30 abr. 2012 | -7.31% | -0.75% | 55.69 | 2.54 | 11.90 |
| 16. | 31 may. 2012 | -8.64% | -6.27% | 77.39 | 50.55 | 62.55 |
| 17. | 30 jun. 2012 | 5.66% | 3.96% | 30.33 | 9.68 | 17.13 |
| 18. | 31 jul. 2012 | 10.08% | 1.26% | 98.64 | 0.17 | 4.12 |
| 19. | 31 ago. 2012 | 0.29% | 1.98% | 0.02 | 1.28 | 0.16 |
| 20. | 30 sept. 2012 | 3.48% | 2.42% | 11.05 | 2.49 | 5.25 |
| 21. | 31 oct. 2012 | 3.92% | -1.98% | 14.16 | 7.97 | -10.63 |
| 22. | 30 nov. 2012 | 5.81% | 0.28% | 32.03 | 0.31 | -3.17 |
| 23. | 31 dic. 2012 | 1.27% | 0.71% | 1.24 | 0.02 | -0.15 |
| 24. | 31 ene. 2013 | 1.77% | 5.04% | 2.62 | 17.62 | 6.79 |
| 25. | 28 feb. 2013 | -0.35% | 1.11% | 0.26 | 0.07 | -0.13 |
| 26. | 31 mar. 2013 | 8.12% | 3.60% | 63.50 | 7.58 | 21.95 |
| 27. | 30 abr. 2013 | -3.81% | 1.81% | 15.73 | 0.93 | -3.82 |
| 28. | 31 may. 2013 | 0.66% | 2.08% | 0.26 | 1.52 | 0.62 |
| 29. | 30 jun. 2013 | -0.81% | -1.50% | 0.93 | 5.50 | 2.26 |
| 30. | 31 jul. 2013 | 5.44% | 4.95% | 27.98 | 16.82 | 21.70 |
| 31. | 31 ago. 2013 | -4.76% | -3.13% | 24.18 | 15.80 | 19.54 |
| 32. | 30 sept. 2013 | -4.86% | 2.97% | 25.12 | 4.54 | -10.68 |
| 33. | 31 oct. 2013 | 0.27% | 4.46% | 0.01 | 13.07 | 0.44 |
| 34. | 30 nov. 2013 | 3.92% | 2.80% | 14.17 | 3.84 | 7.38 |
| 35. | 31 dic. 2013 | 2.32% | 2.36% | 4.71 | 2.28 | 3.28 |
| 36. | 31 ene. 2014 | -1.80% | -3.56% | 3.80 | 19.39 | 8.59 |
| 37. | 28 feb. 2014 | 1.76% | 4.31% | 2.57 | 12.02 | 5.56 |
| 38. | 31 mar. 2014 | 6.58% | 0.69% | 41.25 | 0.02 | -0.97 |
| 39. | 30 abr. 2014 | -1.07% | 0.62% | 1.50 | 0.05 | 0.28 |
| 40. | 31 may. 2014 | 2.23% | 2.10% | 4.30 | 1.58 | 2.61 |
| 41. | 30 jun. 2014 | -2.14% | 1.91% | 5.24 | 1.13 | -2.43 |
| 42. | 31 jul. 2014 | 3.31% | -1.51% | 9.94 | 5.54 | -7.42 |
| 43. | 31 ago. 2014 | 0.39% | 3.77% | 0.06 | 8.53 | 0.69 |
| 44. | 30 sept. 2014 | -3.59% | -1.55% | 13.99 | 5.74 | 8.96 |
| 45. | 31 oct. 2014 | -2.27% | 2.32% | 5.88 | 2.18 | -3.58 |
| 46. | 30 nov. 2014 | 4.08% | 2.45% | 15.40 | 2.59 | 6.31 |
| 47. | 31 dic. 2014 | 1.11% | -0.42% | 0.92 | 1.60 | -1.21 |
| 48. | 31 ene. 2015 | -4.07% | -3.10% | 17.80 | 15.59 | 16.66 |
| 49. | 28 feb. 2015 | -1.65% | 5.49% | 3.25 | 21.57 | -8.37 |
| 50. | 31 mar. 2015 | -0.19% | -1.74% | 0.12 | 6.68 | 0.88 |
| 51. | 30 abr. 2015 | 0.35% | 0.85% | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 52. | 31 may. 2015 | -2.34% | 1.05% | 6.22 | 0.04 | -0.51 |
| 53. | 30 jun. 2015 | 4.98% | -2.10% | 23.34 | 8.68 | -14.23 |
| 54. | 31 jul. 2015 | -42.69% | 1.97% | 1,835.12 | 1.28 | -48.38 |
| 55. | 31 ago. 2015 | -4.07% | -6.26% | 17.80 | 50.45 | 29.97 |
| 56. | 30 sept. 2015 | -14.27% | -2.64% | 207.88 | 12.17 | 50.30 |
| 57. | 31 oct. 2015 | 13.82% | 8.30% | 186.81 | 55.56 | 101.87 |
| 58. | 30 nov. 2015 | 0.70% | 0.05% | 0.29 | 0.63 | -0.43 |
| 59. | 31 dic. 2015 | 1.63% | -1.75% | 2.19 | 6.75 | -3.85 |
| Total (Σ): | 3,305.71 | 670.89 | 397.17 | |||
Mostrar todo
VarianzaBAX = Σ(RBAX,t–RBAX)2 ÷ (59 – 1)
= 3,305.71 ÷ (59 – 1)
= 57.00
VarianzaS&P 500 = Σ(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500)2 ÷ (59 – 1)
= 670.89 ÷ (59 – 1)
= 11.57
CovarianzaBAX, S&P 500 = Σ(RBAX,t–RBAX)×(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500) ÷ (59 – 1)
= 397.17 ÷ (59 – 1)
= 6.85
Estimación sistemática del riesgo (β)
| VarianzaBAX | 57.00 |
| VarianzaS&P 500 | 11.57 |
| CovarianzaBAX, S&P 500 | 6.85 |
| Coeficiente de correlaciónBAX, S&P 5001 | 0.27 |
| βBAX2 | 0.59 |
| αBAX3 | -0.35% |
Cálculos
1 Coeficiente de correlaciónBAX, S&P 500
= CovarianzaBAX, S&P 500 ÷ (Desviación estándarBAX × Desviación estándarS&P 500)
= 6.85 ÷ (7.55% × 3.40%)
= 0.27
2 βBAX
= CovarianzaBAX, S&P 500 ÷ VarianzaS&P 500
= 6.85 ÷ 11.57
= 0.59
3 αBAX
= PromedioBAX – βBAX × PromedioS&P 500
= 0.15% – 0.59 × 0.84%
= -0.35%
Tasa de rendimiento esperada
| Suposiciones | ||
| Tasa de rendimiento del LT Treasury Composite1 | RF | 4.67% |
| Tasa de rendimiento esperada de la cartera de mercado2 | E(RM) | 13.79% |
| Riesgo sistemático de Baxter acciones ordinarias | βBAX | 0.59 |
| Tasa de rendimiento esperada de las acciones ordinarias de Baxter3 | E(RBAX) | 10.07% |
1 Promedio no ponderado de los rendimientos de las ofertas de todos los bonos del Tesoro de EE. UU. con cupón fijo en circulación que no vencen ni son rescatables en menos de 10 años (proxy de tasa de rendimiento libre de riesgo).
3 E(RBAX) = RF + βBAX [E(RM) – RF]
= 4.67% + 0.59 [13.79% – 4.67%]
= 10.07%